Scrapbook+Article+Summary

 **__Summary __** Studies show that children who have conflict with the law earlier on in life don't necessarily become long term criminals in the long run. In an observational study the Psychologists investigated how often children who were in trouble with the law before the age of 14 went on to commit further criminal acts later on in life. They also investigated what kind of things you can use to predict if there is going to be a chance that these kids will commit these crimes. The data that the Psychologists obtained data concerning that life history, family circumstances, health, schooling, vocational training and personality provide the structure that some of the kids need to keep them from committing crimes. The evaluation of all of the data obtained revealed that juvenile delinquents fall into two categories: those who become chronic offenders into adulthood ("persisters") and those who are delinquent only in childhood and/or adolescence, but not in adulthood ("desisters"). Social and risks within the family were found to be the best predictors of criminal behaviors. Generally, the risk factors for criminality were found to be the same as those for mental illnesses. **__Analysis __** **__﻿ __**I think that it is true that the children who get in trouble with the law won't necessarily become criminals. I believe that if a child is put in a situation where they are not given the opportunity to choose something else besides criminal activity then they feel like they must. If you take a child out of a bad home or neighborhood, where they are presented with the chance to commit crime, and put them in a good situation they are less likely to want to commit crime. I believe that this theory connects with the theory of cognitivism. I think this because the children believe that because they are in these situations that they don't have any other option or choice. Although many people believe that even if these children are taken out they will still commit crimes, I believe that if they are given the choice to choose a different lifestyle then they will.
 * __Once a Delinquent, Always a Delinquent? Not Necessarily __**

**__Disadvantaged Adolescents Prone to Adult Crime and Substance Abuse Problems, Study Finds __**

**__Summary __** A study shows published in The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry says that early intervention among young adults can with delinquency problems may help stop further criminal behavior later on in life. The study examined the influence of delinquency behavior in late childhood development among over 800 youth from low- compared to middle-income backgrounds, ages 10 to age 24. Crime, alcohol use disorders, and risky sex are common among young adults, especially those from low-income backgrounds. **__ Analysis __** ﻿ I think that disadvantaged youth are more prone to committing crimes because they are not presented with the opportunities to change their ways. Youth who were around the substance, physical and emotional abuse will commit these things when they are older because that is all they have known. They may believe that everyone goes through this type of treatment and so they think that is what is viewed as right. The theory of humanism goes along with this study because these youths have seen or been the victim of the abuse all their lives and the person was not punished for it. They imitate this behavior hoping that they will have the same result and will not get caught and so the problem could escalate. The ecological theory could also apply to this study. The reason this is, is that outside forces such as community, family or school could contribute to these youths committing these crimes because they want to fit in with the views presented by the society they live in. They could also want to do these things because they want to fit someone’s view on how they should act or on how perfect or imperfect they want them to be.

**__Substance Abuse Factor In Higher Risk Of Violent Crime By Persons With Schizophrenia __**

**__Summary﻿ __** The increased risk of persons with schizophrenia committing violent crime may be largely mediated by co-existing substance abuse problems. Studies have reported on the association between major mental disorder and violence, including some that specifically have examined the relationship with schizophrenia. The relationship of schizophrenia with violent crime and the possible role of substance abuse. The rate of violent crime in individuals diagnosed as having schizophrenia and substance abuse was significantly higher than in those without substance abuse. The risk increase among those with substance abuse was significantly less pronounced when unaffected siblings were used as controls. **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 18pt;">Analysis __** <span style="color: #8b00ff; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">I feel that people who have Schizophrenia will have a higher risk of substance abuse. These people are on so many medications that they perhaps don’t know what they are doing. The ecological theory best applies to this because outside forces, most likely family, because the people with Schizophrenia believe that they have to fit the views of what their families think of them. The number of medications that they are on could also contribute to them wanting to drink more. The reason this is, is because when they are on the medicine they cannot drink or smoke. Being off of all the medication gives them the chance to do these things and since they know that they are only off of the medications for a short time and so they will drink more to fill the void that they have while on their medications.

**__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 22.5pt;">Adolescents With Unpopular Names More Prone To Committing Crime __**

**__<span style="font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 18pt;">Summary __** <span style="color: #f20d0d; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">A new study in the journal Social Science Quarterly examined the relationship between first name popularity in adolescents and tendency to commit crime. Results show that, regardless of race, juveniles with unpopular names are more likely to engage in criminal activity. Two Psychologists analyzed the data obtained by comparing the first names of male juvenile delinquents to the first names of male juveniles in the population. The least popular names were associated with juvenile delinquency among both blacks and whites. While the names are likely not the cause of crime, they are connected to factors that increase the tendency to commit crime, such as a disadvantaged home environment, residence in a county with low socioeconomic status, and households run by one parent. **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 18pt;">Analysis __** <span style="color: #f20d0d; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Adolescents who have less popular names are more prone to committing crime because they fell like there is less of a chance of getting caught. The theory of Psychoanalysis applies to this study because they may act out because they consciously or unconsciously, don't like their names and so they commit crimes. Another reason according to <span style="color: #f20d0d; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">the <span style="color: #f20d0d; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">ecological theory they could be acting out because they aren’t accepted by their peers, which is an aspect of Micro-system that this theory presents. This makes it more difficult to create realationships between them and their peers. The humanism theory suggests that we all want to be loved and respected and since these adolescents are not being respected because of their names they want to be noticed and so they commit the crimes <span style="color: #f20d0d; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 14.5pt;">.

**__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 21.5pt;">Criminals Have Their Own Distinctive 'Local Haunts' When Committing Crimes __**

**__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 18pt;">Summary __** <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Lucida Console'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">It seems that robbers, burglars and car thieves have specific geographical areas that they favor when committing crime and that these are relatively unique from one offender to the next. By identifying these locations, it is hoped that the police will be better placed to identify the person responsible and subsequently catch them. Most criminals prefer to stick to the same geographical location because they find it easier to take things and get away with it because they know the area. **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 18pt;">Analysis __** <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Lucida Console'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">I feel that the way the criminals believe that by sticking to a certain geographical area unconsciously. They have committed crimes in that certain area for so long that they feel more comfortable and at ease in these locations. Unconsciously their minds tell them that because of their familiarity of the area that they won't get caught. I think that if I was a criminal I would also feel more comfortable committing crimes in an area that allowed me to know an easy way to get out of sight and trouble. This connects to the ecological theory because in my mind I would feel that certain outside forces have made me feel this way about these area's.

**__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 21.5pt;">Might Not Be a Tomorrow: Youth Anticipate Early Death __**

**__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 18pt;">Summary __** <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">A unique study that indicates that although young criminals are aware of the risks of violent injury, death or punishment, the possibility of a shorter life span encourages them to focus more on the "here and now." Some psychologists think that the more the youth think that they are going to die young the more likely it is that they are going to engage in criminality and violence. This is the opposite of what most people think, because most people think that if you think you're going to die soon you become depressed and you wouldn't commit crimes. The research "Might not be a Tomorrow," is among the first Criminal Justice studies to simultaneously include one-on-one offender interviews with an econometric analysis of nation-wide adolescent data to provide a better understanding of why young people tend to pursue high-risk behaviors associated with immediate rewards, which include crime and violence. The professors interviewed more than 30 young offenders, Those interviews, which lasted from 45 to 120 minutes, focused on the participants' perception of risk, with an emphasis on the risk of future injury, early death and the extent to which these perceptions influenced their attitudes and behaviors related to offending. Many of the youth believed that the world was a dog-eat-dog world and that they needed to what needed to be done to survive. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 18pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**__Analysis__** <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">One theory that fits with this article is the ecological theory. This theory fits because many outside forces contribute to the youth feeling the way they do about committing crimes. For example their parents wanting them to act a certain way, or looking down on them because they are different greatly increases the chances of youth committing crimes. Peer pressure is another major factor. If their friends do something illegal the youth will do the same thing because they want to fit in. Everyone needs to have a sense of love and acceptance, according to Carl Rogers’s humanism theory, if the youth don’t feel love and accepted they may commit crimes to get attention and they don’t care what the consequences will be all they care about is being noticed.

**__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 21.5pt;">Heavy Smoking During Pregnancy Linked to Kids Becoming Repeat Offenders as Adults __** **__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 18pt;">Summary __** Moms who smoke heavily while pregnant run the risk of having kids who grow up to become repeat criminal offenders in the //** Journal of Epidemiology and Community **//// Health //. The findings held true, even after taking account of a comprehensive range of family and social factors, such as mental ill health and deprivation, which are likely to influence behaviors, the research showed. The authors base their findings on just fewer than 4000 adults aged between 33 and 40 who were involved in a study <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">. All the children from these pregnancies had reached at least 33 years of age, criminal record checks were conducted. The findings showed that children whose mothers had smoked heavily during the pregnancy were the most likely to have a criminal record as an adult. They had a 30% increased chance of having been arrested, and this applied to women just as much as it did to men. There is some plausible biological evidence for the biological impact of nicotine on the neurobehavioral pathways of the developing brain. Previous research has indicated a link between exposure to cigarette smoke while in the womb and a higher risk of poor attention span, impulsivity, and hyperactivity <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">,

**__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 18pt;">Analysis __** <span style="color: #6600ff; font-family: 'Andy MT'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Children whose mothers smoked while pregnant with them are more prone to committing crimes. One theory that could contribute to the truth of this article is the evolutionary theory, which states certain traits are gained or contributed by an individual. The nicotine exposure on the developing brain of the infants could cause problems on the infants that when they grow older they may lack certain aspects that other people have, acquired traits. The ecological theory is another theory that fits with this article, the outside force, their mom smoking, causes damage to their brains in which eventually catches up to them and causes them to commit crimes.

**__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 21.5pt;">Concern over Traumatic Brain Injury in Youth Offenders __** **__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 18pt;">Summary __** <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Bernard MT Condensed','serif'; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A new study of young offenders has revealed they have a significantly higher rate of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) than that expected in society as a whole. Researchers at the University of Exeter also found TBI was associated with a greater number of convictions and, when there were three or more TBIs, greater violence in offending. The study suggests that brain injury must be taken seriously in the assessment and management of offenders. In the study, young male offenders aged 11 to 19 years were asked to complete self-reports on head injury, crime history, mental health and drug use. The main cause of injury in the young offenders was violence. In non-offending younger people, injury typically occurs in falls or in sports. Three or more TBIs were associated with greater violence in offences. Those with self-reported TBI were also at risk of greater mental health problems.

**__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 18pt;">Analysis __** <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Bernard MT Condensed','serif'; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The ecological theory is best suited to this article. The reason this is, is because outside forces such as peers, sports or community could cause Traumatic Brain Injury in which cause these certain youths to commit the crimes that they do. Their brain injuries could cause them to not know the difference between right and wrong and in which could have negative effects and consequences. If people are more aware of certain youth which show signs of TBI we could possibly stop the chance of there being more crimes committed by these particular youth.

**__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 21.5pt;">Delinquent Behavior Among Boys 'Contagious' Study Finds __** **__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 18pt;">Summary __** Impulsive boys with inadequate supervision, poor families and deviant friends are more likely to commit criminal acts that land them in juvenile court, according to a new study published in the// **Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry** //**.** The most surprising finding from the 20-year study, conducted by researchers from the Université de Montréal and University of Genoa, was how help provided by the juvenile justice system substantially increased the risk of the boys engaging in criminal activities during early adulthood. Boys who had been through the juvenile justice system, compared to boys with similar histories without judicial involvement, the odds of adult judicial interventions increased. The more intense the help given by the juvenile justice system, the greater was its negative impact.

**__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 18pt;">Analysis __** The theory that applies to this article would definitely have to be the ecological theory which states certain traits are gained or contributed by an individual. The biggest impact is the community, mainly the youth judicial system. The involvement of this system causes these certain youth an easy way out of their punishment and they don’t learn their lesson. The youth who are not given help by the judicial system learn their lessons the hard way and I feel there is a less of a chance of them committing crime.

<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Bernard MT Condensed','serif'; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Bernard MT Condensed','serif'; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">** __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 21.5pt;"> Police, Thieves and Ordinary People Apply Different Logic When Making Decisions (in burglary), Study Shows __ ** ** __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 18pt;"> Summary __ ** A study conducted by the University of Granada, in collaboration with the University of Cambridge, revealed that police officers and ordinary people reason differently than criminals when making decisions. That is, they reason in different ways. The sample consisted of 40 expert criminals, 40 expert police officers and 40 students unrelated to criminal activities. The police officers had been working for the security forces for an average of 19.4 years and their work had been mainly centered on investigating robberies. The criminals claimed to have committed an average of 57.2 robberies. They were convicted criminals that had been imprisoned for burglary just once. The students specified the number of times that they had been victims of a theft. The participants -- police officers, expert criminals and students unrelated to any criminal activity -- were asked to estimate the importance of certain factors when predicting the chances of a home being broken into. Some of the factors were: full/empty mail box, lights on/off, the fact of the home being a flat or a house, or the presence of neglected plants. They were asked to classify them on the basis of the extent in which their presence could help to predict a successful housebreaking. The results revealed that the two groups of experts (burglars and police officers) had different perceptions of the importance and classification of each factor. The perception of the police officers was more similar to that of ordinary people than to that of burglars. Thus, police officers and ordinary people agreed that the method employed to break into the house was the most relevant factor, when it comes to foreseeing a successful housebreaking. Conversely, the burglars considered that the most relevant factor was the presence of a burglar alarm. ** __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 18pt;"> Analysis __ ** The biggest theory that applies to this would be the cognitivism theory. Each of the different groups of people will think differently in the situation of a burglary. The police officers and the students will think more logically and with a clear head. Whereas the criminals are in the stress of the situation and they will not. The criminals if they feel there is a chance they will get caught lose all sense of what could be the consequences and will do what they need to do to get away. The police officers have to keep their temper and head in check when dealing with these types of criminals.